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Tammuz (; , Transliterated Hebrew: ', Tiberian Hebrew: '; (アラビア語:تمّوز) '; , '; Sumerian: ' (DUMU.ZI(D), "faithful or true son") was the name of a Sumerian god of food and vegetation, also worshiped in the later Mesopotamian states of Akkad, Assyria and Babylonia. ==Ritual mourning== In Babylonia, the month Tammuz was established in honor of the eponymous god Tammuz, who originated as a Sumerian shepherd-god, Dumuzid or Dumuzi, the consort of Inanna and, in his Akkadian form, the parallel consort of Ishtar. The Levantine Adonis ("lord"), who was drawn into the Greek pantheon, was considered by Joseph Campbell among others to be another counterpart of Tammuz,〔Joseph Campbell "the dead and resurrected god Tammuz (Sumerian Dumuzi), prototype of the Classical Adonis, who was the consort as well as son by virgin birth, of the goddess-mother of many names: Inanna, Ninhursag, Ishtar, Astarte, Artemis, Demeter, Aphrodite, Venus" (in ''Oriental Mythology: The Masks of God'' pp 39-40).〕 son and consort. The Aramaic name "Tammuz" seems to have been derived from the Akkadian form ''Tammuzi'', based on early Sumerian ''Damu-zid''. The later standard Sumerian form, ''Dumu-zid'', in turn became ''Dumuzi'' in Akkadian. Tamuzi also is Dumuzid or Dumuzi. Beginning with the summer solstice came a time of mourning in the Ancient Near East, as in the Aegean: the Babylonians marked the decline in daylight hours and the onset of killing summer heat and drought with a six-day "funeral" for the god. Recent discoveries reconfirm him as an annual life-death-rebirth deity: tablets discovered in 1963 show that Dumuzi was in fact consigned to the Underworld himself, in order to secure Inanna's release,〔Edwin M. Yamauchi, "Tammuz and the Bible" ''Journal of Biblical Literature'' 84.3 (September 1965:283-290).〕 though the recovered final line reveals that he is to revive for six months of each year (''see below''). In cult practice, the dead Tammuz was widely mourned in the Ancient Near East. Locations associated in antiquity with the site of his death include both Harran and Byblos, among others. A Sumerian tablet from Nippur (Ni 4486) reads: :She can make the lament for you, my Dumuzid, the lament for you, the lament, the lamentation, reach the desert — she can make it reach the house Arali; she can make it reach Bad-tibira; she can make it reach Dul-šuba; she can make it reach the shepherding country, the sheepfold of Dumuzid :"O Dumuzid of the fair-spoken mouth, of the ever kind eyes," she sobs tearfully, "O you of the fair-spoken mouth, of the ever kind eyes," she sobs tearfully. "Lad, husband, lord, sweet as the date, () O Dumuzid!" she sobs, she sobs tearfully.〔''Inana and Bilulu: an ulila to Inana'', from Black, J.A., Cunningham, G., Robson, E., and Zólyomi, G., The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (Oxford)()()〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tammuz (deity)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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